How does a cell decide whether to become a mom-cell or a dad-cell? Scientists once thought it was completely random. But experiments with mice showed that an entire organ, an eye, for example, can be mostly mom-cells or mostly dad-cells. It’s not random! It’s a mystery how the cell decides.

Scientists know the X chromosome much better. It’s part of the system that determines whether we become male or female. If an egg inherits an X chromosome from both parents, it becomes female. If it gets an X from its mother and a Y from its father, it becomes male.

But the X chromosome remains mysterious.

For one thing, females shut down an X chromosome in every cell, leaving only one active. That’s a drastic step to take, given that the X chromosome has more than 1,000 genes.

In some cells, the father’s goes dormant, and in others, the mother’s does. While scientists have known about this so-called X-chromosome inactivation for more than five decades, they still know little about the rules it follows, or even how it evolved.

In the journal Neuron, a team of scientists has unveiled an unprecedented view of X-chromosome inactivation in the body. They found a remarkable complexity to the pattern in which the chromosomes were switched on and off.

At the same time, each copy of the X chromosome contains versions of genes not found on its partner. So having two X chromosomes gives females more genetic diversity than males, with their single X chromosome. Because of that, females have a genetic complexity that scientists are only starting to understand.

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[1] https://www.koko.org
[2] https://gorillafund.org/uncate....gorized/gorilla-anat
[3] https://www.strengthlog.com/de....adlift-strength-stan
[4] https://archive.org/details/in.....ernet.dli.2015.1156
[5] https://anatomypubs.onlinelibr....ary.wiley.com/doi/10
[6] https://journals.physiology.or....g/doi/full/10.1152/j
[7] https://gorillafund.org/uncate....gorized/gorilla-anat
[8] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2843616/
[9] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC29646
[10] https://open.lib.umn.edu/vetph....ysioapplied/chapter/
[11] https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23754526/
[12] https://journals.plos.org/plos....biology/article?id=1
[13] https://www.eva.mpg.de/fileadm....in/content_files/pri
[14] https://gorillafund.org/uncate....gorized/gorilla-comm
[15] http://www.gorillagestures.info/index.htm
[16] https://www.koko.org/about/programs/project-koko/interspecies-communication/sign-language/
[17] https://www.tandfonline.com/do....i/pdf/10.1080/004379
[18] https://www.nationalgeographic.....co.uk/animals/2018/

Branches of Biology

This video focuses on general functions of biomolecules. The biomolecules: carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, can all can have important functions in the body. However, this video is *not* giving human dietary guidelines and should *not* be used in any attempt to do so. *This is a video about the biomolecules. For your dietary needs, consult with a dietitian or medical doctor.* Video has been dubbed using an artificial voice via https://aloud.area120.google.com to increase accessibility. You can change the audio track language in the Settings menu.

Table of Contents:
00:00 Intro
0:40 What is a monomer?
1:08 Carbohydrates
2:04 Lipids
4:09 Proteins
5:15 Nucleic Acids
6:44 Biomolecule Structure

The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. For more information about The Amoeba Sisters, visit: http://www.amoebasisters.com/about-us.html

REFERENCE:
We cover the basics in biology concepts at the secondary level. If you are looking to discover more about biology and go into depth beyond these basics, our recommended reference is the FREE, peer reviewed, open source OpenStax biology textbook: https://openstax.org/details/books/biology

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References:

[1] ​​https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1111/j.
[2] https://sora.unm.edu/sites/def....ault/files/journals/
[3] https://digitalcommons.esf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1083&context=honors#:~:text=Owls%20were%2025%25%20more%20successful,ANOVA%2C%20P%20%3D%200.077).
[4] https://link.springer.com/arti....cle/10.1007%2FBF0017
[5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/abs/
[6] https://journals.biologists.co....m/jeb/article/215/6/
[7] https://bechly.lima-city.de/Grzimek.pdf
[8] https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/pii/
[9] https://journals.sagepub.com/d....oi/abs/10.1177/09544
[10] https://link.springer.com/arti....cle/10.1007/BF006935
[11] https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/abs/
[12] https://www.sciencedirect.com/....science/article/abs/
[13] https://www.nature.com/articles/nature14078
[14] https://www.sciencedaily.com/r....eleases/2010/10/1010
[15] https://news.ucsc.edu/2012/06/giant-insects.html

#ifas #csir #net #lifescienceexam #photosynthesis #neet #lightreaction #shortsviral
Dive into the fascinating world of plant biology with this quick and engaging experiment ! In just 60 seconds, we'll show you how to observe photosynthesis happening right before your eyes.
Watch as we set up a simple yet powerful demonstration using common household items:
A leafy aquatic plant (like spinach)
A clear glass container
Water
Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda)
A bright light source

See the magic unfold as tiny oxygen bubbles start forming on the plant's leaves when exposed to ligh. We'll explain how this visible process relates to the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

But wait, there's more! We'll also show you how to:
Measure the rate of photosynthesis by counting bubbles
Alter light intensity to see its effect on oxygen production
Change CO2 levels using baking soda and observe the results

This video is perfect for students, teachers, or anyone curious about how plants convert light into energy. No fancy lab equipment needed – just your eyes and a sense of wonder!

Like, share, and subscribe for more bite-sized science experiments that bring textbook concepts to life. Let's make learning about photosynthesis fun and accessible for everyone6!
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Hey guys
This video helps you to understand transcription and translation of DNA for rhe synthesis of protien.

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References
[1] https://www.journals.uchicago.....edu/doi/abs/10.1086/
[2] https://scholar.harvard.edu/nt....roach/evolution-thro
[3] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-37904-w
[4] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC33620
[5] https://www.cell.com/cell/pdf/....S0092-8674(18)30386-
[6] https://onlinelibrary.wiley.co....m/doi/abs/10.1002/ev
[7] https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1002181107
[8] https://journals.plos.org/plos....one/article?id=10.13
[9] https://theaquaticape.org/human-evolution/aat/
[10] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC49135
[11] https://www.science.org/conten....t/article/tibetans-i
[12] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/p....mc/articles/PMC64100
[13] https://humgenomics.biomedcent....ral.com/articles/10.
–
[10] https://www.cell.com/cell/full....text/S0092-8674(15)0
[11] https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00817-2
[12] https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg201695

Learn biology by watching back to back videos about the Parts of the Body, The Five Senses, Parts of Plants, Photosynthesis and Many More with Dr. Binocs.

The Compilation includes -

0:21 - Parts Of The Body
2:43 - The Five Senses
6:27 - Bones
10:24 - The Water Cycle
13:13 - Parts of A Plant
16:10 - Photosynthesis
19:32 - Parts Of Flower And Pollination
23:09 - What Is A Food Chain?
26:16 - Micro-Organisms
30:03 - Hibernation
32:48 - Why Does A Chameleon Change Colors?

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EVO-DEVO
Huxley
B. Mac.
Oh Carroll, Carroll
Gould, Stephen Jay yeah
D-D-D-D-Davidson and Peter

See
One cell divide and decide on a thousand fates
Did you ever figure how they know?
B. Mac.
We
Are built of modules combined in a planned out way
Each new piece must be told where to go
Oh

Now there's a science helping us to understand
How our cells encode this architectural plan
Signalling each other with genetic tools oh
Oh yeah

Wow
Phenotype the interface for mouse and man
Genotype the files and the subprograms
What then are the switches, circuit boards and boot code?

Evo-Devo
Looking at the logic in the ways that we grow
Every gene directed by a signal key code
Proteins that can activate, enhance or veto
Evo-Devo
Signals are controlled by other genes that signal
Calculating in a network labyrinthal
Where the heart and liver and the hands and feet go

Signal mapping tells each region what it ought to be yo
With circuits so deeply built upon
They're older than the Paleo
The Paleozoic Era baby
In a crucial pathway changes tend to get torpedoed
Where they go calamity goes
As this cyclopic sheep knows..

See down they cascade like a domino
Like you and I drosophila
The path that makes us optical
Was laid a long long time ago
Back before we blew up the cambrian like a bomb bomb
Now my eye protein can make you see out of your bom bom
And Hedgehog and its relatives like Indian and Sonic
Set up set up in a gradient on segments embryonic
Split forebrains and asymmetric parts depend upon it
Flipping on genetic switches and logic
From devo to evo
Adult and embryo
Mostly don't evolve in the genes of the genome
Safer the mutation aimed at regulation
Keep the building blocks and swap their activation
From devo to evo
Parts have alter egos
Homologs evolved from repeats in the schema
Switch a couple bases in the proper places
You'll be watching flies grow legs out of their faces oh yeah

Evo-Devo
Stick around for Modern Synthesis the sequel
Only by combining can a new theory grow
Evolution and development amigos
Evo-Devo
Signals trigger patterns of complexity so
Switching up the switches of a signalling node
Gives a modular and simple way to evolve

Look at how our spinal segments generate a neat row
Built on a molecular clock
One cycle, one vertebra
One vertebra one vertebra baby
Speeding up its rate is snakes' developmental cheat code
That and where a lizard's feet grow
They turn off distal aminos

Evo-Devo
This is how we go from single cells to people
Every generation and in life primeval
Life in variations endless and beautiful

Badaboom

From devo to evo
Larva to mosquito
Patterns are resolved as the signals proceed yo
Map out a gene with a glow tag
Kill it with a morpholino
Short oligo morpholino baby

From devo to evo
Voyage of the Beagle
Body plans evolve when proteins steer the genome
In this manner life's beauty grows
Aesthetica in vivo

Evo-Devo

Jay Wheeler "BIOL-101"

Escúchala en tu plataforma favorita:
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Letra:

Desde la universidad
Me encanta porque ella es diferente a las demás
Sus padres no saben que a ella le gusta la maldad
Se escapa conmigo
A donde no hay testigos
Y si te digo la verdad
Ella se transforma Cuando estamos en la intimidad Los dos arrebatao’ no sentimos la gravedad
Y si es por mi no termino
Bebe no termino

Cómo se siente
Bellaquear contigo es algo diferente
Tan rico que una noche nunca es suficiente
Que rico se siente
Que rico se siente

Durududu duruduru
Durududu duruduru
Durududu duruduru
Que rico se siente
Durududu duruduru
Durududu duruduru
Durududu duruduru

(Siente bellaquear contigo es algo diferente
Tan rico que una noche nunca es suficiente
Que rico se siente)

Es que tu eres mi debilidad
En tu ropa interior puedo sentir la humedad
Y en la cama conmigo tiene otra personalidad

Y si te digo la verdad
Ella se transforma Cuando estamos en la intimidad
Los dos arrebatao’ no sentimos la gravedad
Y si es por mi no termino
Bebe no termino

Cómo se siente
Bellaquear contigo es algo diferente
Tan rico que una noche nunca es suficiente
Que rico se siente
Que rico se siente

Durududu duruduru
Durududu duruduru
Durududu duruduru
Que rico se siente
Durududu duruduru
Durududu duruduru
Durududu duruduru

(Siente bellaquear contigo es algo diferente
Tan rico que una noche nunca es suficiente
Que rico se siente)


#JayWheeler #BIOL-101 #LaVozFavorita

(C) 2021. Dynamic Records Inc & Flow Music.

How does the human body work? What roles do the digestive, reproductive, and other systems play? Learn about human anatomy and the complex processes that help your body function.
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This video explains how the structure of the atom is directly responsible for the shape of the Periodic Table, and allows scientists to read the personality of each kind of atom due to its position. Protons, electrons, and neutrons explain everything about how an atom works and the making of the periodic table itself.

00:15 Scientists J J Thompson (1897), E Rutherford (1907) and J Chadwich (1932) discovery
00:25 Smaller particles: Positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons in the center called nucleus
00:51 The Nucleus
01:23 The atom is mainly empty space
01:46 Henry Moseley (1913) discovered that Atomic Number = Number of Protons
02:32 Number of protons = Number of electrons (in a neutral atom)
03:10 Isotopes
03:25 Atomic Mass Unit AMU
04:30 Neutorns have a big effect on the atomic weight but do not matter much in making chemical bonds
04:50 Electron Shells
05:15 Electrons are like guests in a hotel
06:20 Quantum Jump
06:38 Valence Electrons
07:00 Hydrogen
07:35 Helium
08:15 The Periodic Table
08:22 Lithium
08:52 Beryllium
09:00 Boron
09:17 Carbon
09:23 Nitrogen
09:30 Oxygen
09:35 Fluorine
09:39 Neon
09:55 Third shell
10:00 Sodium
10:30 Magnesium
10:40 Alkaline Earth Metals - the same number of valence electrons
11:53 Period 3
13:20 They can explain almost all of chemistry
13:38 Periodic Table Trends
14:00 Next video URL:

Video transcript:
“
To explain how atoms behave, we need to look inside them.
About a hundred years ago scientists discovered that atoms aren’t like tiny solid marbles as they thought, but made of three much, much smaller particles - positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons in their centre, called the nucleus, and negatively charged electrons orbiting on the outside in shells. See our video about how scientists discovered protons, electrons and neutrons at the link in the descrIption:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBgIMRV895w

THE NUCLEUS
The nucleus is much smaller than shown here in the diagram. If an atom were the size of a football stadium, then its nucleus would be the size of a pea. This means the atom is mostly empty space. And so are YOU.
Even though the nucleus is tiny, it makes up over 99.9% of the atom’s mass. That’s because protons and neutrons are 2 thousand times heavier than electrons. So they don’t matter much.
In 1913, Henry Moseley discovered that an element’s Atomic Number was always the same as the number of protons in its nucleus. What a coincidence! This is now the modern definition of Atomic Number.
This atom has 5 protons so its Atomic Number is 5. This is the number above the element’s symbol on the PT. Which element is it? …. Boron.
In an electrically neutral atom, the number of positive Protons must equal the number of negative electrons so that their charges cancel. So a boron also has 5 electrons. The job of neutrons is to overcome the proton-proton repulsions, and to keep the nucleus together. Most boron atoms use 6 neutrons to stabilize their nuclei, but some can get away with 5. The number of neutrons can vary between atoms of the same kind, so scientists give these a special name- isotopes. So boron has two! isotopes.
Protons and neutrons both have a mass of about 1 atomic mass unit, or amu, or just u, or even the Dalton. They all mean the same thing, which is a bit annoying. Call me old fashioned, but I prefer amu. Scientists use this tiny mass unit for atoms as grams or pounds are too big. Electrons weigh hardly anything. So the atom’s mass is just the sum of its protons and neutrons. Both boron's have 5 protons, so its 6-neutron isotope would weigh 11, and its 5-neutron isotope 10 amu. It’s Atomic Weight shown on the PT is 10.8 and is the average of its two isotopes. It’s is closer to 11 because it’s the more abundant one.
Neutrons have a big effect on Atomic Weight, but don’t matter much in making chemical bonds, which we’re interested in here. So we’ll just look at protons and electrons from now on. Bye, bye neutrons. And Atomic Weights.
ELECTRON SHELLS
The first electron shell can accommodate 2 electrons before it’s full, while the 2nd shell can accommodate up to 8. This is why boron has only 2 electrons in its 1st shell, and the remaining 3 electrons in the 2nd shell.
Electrons are like guests in a hotel. Here’s a normal hotel. And here’s the Quantum Hotel that better shows how electrons fit around an atom. The 1st floor can take 2 guests before it’s full, the 2nd floor also 8, the 3rd floor 8, and the 4th and 5th 18 each. When a floor is full a new arrival is sent to the next floor up. This guest on the 4th floor has more energy than the guests below, which she would find out if she jumped. When she lands, the energy she had turns into sound energy. Electrons in higher levels also have more energy, and when they jump down, light energy is emitted instead. This is called a quantum jump.
“

Whacky colour changes, magic disappearing water, blowing up dustbins, clouds of steam, thunder air explosions. Are you ready to fasten your seatbelts and enjoy the ‘explosive’ journey?

In his talk, Andrew aims to promote chemistry as the science of remarkable changes, which are often overlooked yet so important in our everyday life. And he does it brilliantly by performing an incredible series of 25 experiments in 15 minutes, totally amazing the audience (who rewards him with a long and deserved standing ovation)!

Andrew Z. Szydło is an internationally acclaimed chemistry teacher. But he’s definitely not the typical chemistry teacher you would expect…

He holds a PhD in the History and Philosophy of Science from UCL, and is an expert on the history of alchemy (his 1994 book ‘Water Which Does Not Wet Hands’ is considered to be the standard reference work on the Polish alchemist Michael Sendivogius.)

But his polymath spirit extends further: he’s a violin, bugle and accordion player, as well as a professional photographer. Throughout the years Andrew has wowed audiences all around the world with his pyrotechnical approach to teaching and demonstrating chemical sciences on stage and has appeared many times on TV. This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at https://www.ted.com/tedx

Hank gives us a tour of the most important table ever, including the life story of the obsessive man who championed it, Dmitri Mendeleev. The periodic table of elements is a concise, information-dense catalog of all of the different sorts of atoms in the universe, and it has a wealth of information to tell us if we can learn to read it.

Watch this video in Spanish on our Crash Course en Español channel! https://youtu.be/AmOl0v_3jsc

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Table of Contents
Dmitri Mendeleev - 0:45
Mendeleev's Organization of the Periodic Table - 2:31
Relationships in the Periodic Table - 5:03
Why Mendeleev Stood Out from his Colleagues - 7:09
How the Periodic Table Could be Improved - 8:28

More info about the cylindrical periodic table of elements: http://www.av8n.com/physics/periodic-table.htm

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This video provides a basic introduction for college students who are about to take the 1st semester of organic chemistry. It covers topics such as polar and nonpolar bonds, ionic & covalent bonding, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, bond length, bond strength, sigma & pi bonds, hybridization, formal charge, functional groups and drawing lewis structures.

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In this example problem, we show how to fill a molecular orbital diagram for a diatomic molecule and use molecular bond theory to compare bond order, bond strength, and magnetic properties (paramagnetic or diamagnetic).

Use molecular orbital theory to determine:
a.) the bond order of N2
b.) whether N2 is paramagnetic or diamagnetic
c.) order of increasing bond strength for N2, N22-, N2+

A clean hot tub isn’t just about adding sanitizer. If you don't add in the right amount of hot tub chemicals in the right order at the right time, you’re going to end up with some funky hot tub water. But don’t worry: the secret to keeping your hot tub alkalinity and hot tub pH balanced is knowing a little basic water chemistry.

💦 Get 10% off our hot tub maintenance video course and ebook by using the promo code VIDEO: https://www.swimuniversity.com/hot-tub-course/?utm_source=YouTube&utm_medium=Video&utm_campaign=Description

⏰ Timestamps:
00:00 - Introduction to Hot Tub Chemistry
00:45 - Hot Tub pH and Alkalinity
02:37 - Calcium Hardness
03:17 - Hot Tub Care Course
03:57 - Optional Chemicals
05:23 - How To Add Chemicals To Your Hot Tub

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Swim University®️ has made swimming pool and hot tub care easy for more than 10 million homeowners. And each year, we continue to help more people with water chemistry, cleaning, and troubleshooting. We know taking care of a swimming pool or spa can be difficult. And it’s hard to find a trusted source of information. We get it! This is the reason we created Swim University®️.

😎 Visit our website for more in-depth information on spa maintenance and care: https://www.swimuniversity.com/

Learning Objective: Learn about scientific notation, significant figures, and how to report and calculate scientific measurements to the correct digit of uncertainty.

Topics: rules for significant figures, leading zeros, trailing zeros, interior zeros, scientific notation

We need to talk about how to properly sanitize your pool water with either chlorine, bromine, salt, minerals, and even Baquacil (biguanide). It would be great if you could just fill your pool with water, not add any pool chemicals, and then never worry about the water becoming a gross breeding ground for nasty contaminants and organisms? Yeah, and maybe you could keep Nessie in your pool, too. But we don’t think she’s any good at pool chemistry. Let's dive in and keep the pool water sanitized correctly!

💦 Get 10% off our pool maintenance video course and ebook by using the promo code VIDEO: https://www.swimuniversity.com/pool-course/?utm_source=YouTube&utm_medium=Video&utm_campaign=Description

⏰ Timestamps:
00:00​ - Introduction to How To Sanitize Your Water
01:22 - Chlorine Pros and Cons
02:14 - Chlorine Levels
02:34 - Salt Water Pools
02:52 - Chlorine Levels in Salt Water Pools
03:19 - Bromine Pros and Cons
04:06 - Bromine Levels
04:32 - Biguanide Pros and Cons
05:58 - Mineral System
07:01 - Salt Water Levels

🏊‍♂️ Our Favorite Pool Maintenance Gear: https://www.swimuniversity.com/pool-maintenance/

📺 Subscribe to our channel if you want more information on swimming pool and hot tub maintenance: https://www.youtube.com/swimuniversity

Swim University®️ has made swimming pool and hot tub care easy for more than 10 million homeowners. And each year, we continue to help more people with water chemistry, cleaning, and troubleshooting. We know taking care of a swimming pool or spa can be difficult. And it’s hard to find a trusted source of information. We get it! This is the reason we created Swim University®️.

😎 Visit our website for more in-depth information on swimming pool maintenance: https://www.swimuniversity.com/