The Standard Model of particle physics is the most successful scientific theory of all time. It describes how everything in the universe is made of 12 different types of matter particles, interacting with three forces, all bound together by a rather special particle called the Higgs boson. It’s the pinnacle of 400 years of science and gives the correct answer to hundreds of thousands of experiments. In this explainer, Cambridge University physicist David Tong recreates the model, piece by piece, to provide some intuition for how the fundamental building blocks of our universe fit together. At the end of the video, he also points out what’s missing from the model and what work is left to do in order to complete the Theory of Everything.

**Correction: At 13'50", the photon should be included with the three fundamental forces. The animation here is incorrect, while the narration is correct.

00:00 The long search for a Theory of Everything
00:33 The Standard Model
01:43 Gravity: the mysterious force
02:29 Quantum Field Theory and wave-particle duality
03:05 Fermions and Bosons
04:00 Electrons and quarks, protons and neutrons
04:45 Neutrinos
05:22 Muons and Taus
05:59 Strange and Bottom Quarks, Charm and Top Quarks
06:13 Electron Neutrinos, Muon Neutrinos, and Tao Neutrinos
06:26 How do we detect the elusive particles?
06:49 Why do particles come in sets of four?
07:17 The Dirac Equation describes all of the particles
07:49 The three fundamental forces
08:13 Bosons
08:32 Electromagnetism and photons
09:17 The Strong Force, gluons and flux tubes
10:38 The Weak Force, Radioactive Beta Decay, W and Z bosons
12:04 The Higgs boson and the Higgs field
13:20 Beyond the Standard Model: a Grand Unified Theory
14:12 How does gravity fit in the picture?
14:41 Where is the missing dark matter and dark energy?
15:03 Unsolved mysteries of the Standard Model

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Atoms are measured in femtometres, that is 1,000,000,000,000,000th of a meter.

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Try out my quantum mechanics course (and many others on math and science) on Brilliant using the link https://brilliant.org/sabine. You can get started for free, and the first 200 will get 20% off the annual premium subscription.

This video comes with a quiz: https://quizwithit.com/start_t....hequiz/1689034259496

Why do particle physicists constantly make wrong predictions? In this video, I explain the history and status of the problem.

My list with "good" and "bad" problems in the foundations of physics is here:

http://backreaction.blogspot.c....om/2019/01/good-prob

Note: I don't mean to say this is a complete list!

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00:00 Intro
00:30 The History of the Problem
08:29 The Cause of the Problem
14:52 Common Objections and Answers
19:37 What Will Happen?
20:04 Learn Physics on Brilliant

#science #physics #particlephysics

One of the most important, yet least understood, concepts in all of physics. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com

▀▀▀
A huge thank you to those who helped us understand different aspects of this complicated topic - Dr. Ashmeet Singh, Supriya Krishnamurthy, Dr. Jos Thijssen, Dr. Bijoy Bera, Dr. Timon Idema, Álvaro Bermejillo Seco and Dr. Misha Titov.

▀▀▀
References:
Carnot, S. (1824). Reflections on the motive power of heat: and on machines fitted to develop that power. - https://ve42.co/Carnot1890

Harnessing The True Power Of Atoms | Order And Disorder Documentaries, Spark via YouTube - https://ve42.co/OrderDisorder

A better description of entropy, Steve Mould via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Mould2016

Dugdale, J. S. (1996). Entropy and its physical meaning. CRC Press. - https://ve42.co/Dugdale1996

Schroeder, D. V. (1999). An introduction to thermal physics. - https://ve42.co/Schroeder2021

Fowler, M. Heat Engines: the Carnot Cycle, University of Virginia. - https://ve42.co/Fowler2023

Chandler, D.L. (2010). Explained: The Carnot Limit, MIT News - https://ve42.co/Chandler2010

Entropy, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/EntropyWiki

Clausius, R. (1867). The mechanical theory of heat. Van Voorst. - https://ve42.co/Clausius1867

What is entropy? TED-Ed via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Phillips2017

Thijssen, J. (2018) Lecture Notes Statistical Physics, TU Delft.

Schneider, E. D., & Kay, J. J. (1994). Life as a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics. Mathematical and computer modelling, 19(6-8), 25-48. - https://ve42.co/Schneider1994

Lineweaver, C. H., & Egan, C. A. (2008). Life, gravity and the second law of thermodynamics. Physics of Life Reviews, 5(4), 225-242. - https://ve42.co/Lineweaver2008

Michaelian, K. (2012). HESS Opinions" Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16(8), 2629-2645. - https://ve42.co/Michaelian2012

England, J. L. (2013). Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of chemical physics, 139(12), 09B623_1. - https://ve42.co/England2013

England, J. L. (2015). Dissipative adaptation in driven self-assembly. Nature nanotechnology, 10(11), 919-923. - https://ve42.co/England2015

Wolchover, N. (2014). A New Physics Theory of Life, Quantamagazine - https://ve42.co/Wolchover2014

Lineweaver, C. H. (2013). The entropy of the universe and the maximum entropy production principle. In Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production and Non-equilibrium Systems (pp. 415-427). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - https://ve42.co/LineweaverEntropy

Bekenstein, J.D. (1972). Black holes and the second law. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 4, 737–740. - https://ve42.co/Bekenstein1972

Carroll, S.M. (2022). The Biggest Ideas in the Universe: Space, Time, and Motion. Penguin Publishing Group. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2022

Black hole thermodynamics, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/BlackHoleTD

Cosmology and the arrow of time: Sean Carroll at TEDxCaltech, TEDx Talks via YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollTEDx

Carroll, S. M. (2008). The cosmic origins of time’s arrow. Scientific American, 298(6), 48-57. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2008

The Passage of Time and the Meaning of Life | Sean Carroll (Talk + Q&A), Long Now Foundation via YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollLNF

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Filmed by Derek Muller, Albert Leung & Raquel Nuno
Molecular collisions video by CSIRO's Data61 via YouTube: Simulation of air
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, HMI, and WMAP science teams. As well as the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius

Subscribe to BBC News www.youtube.com/bbcnews
British physicist Brian Cox is challenged by the presenter of Radio 4's 'Life Scientific', Jim Al-Khalili, to explain the rules of quantum mechanics in just a minute. Brian succeeds; while conceding that the idea that everything is inherently probabilistic, is challenging. Even Einstein found it difficult.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04hvx9z
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Physics is an amazing science, that is incredibly tedious to learn and notoriously difficult.
Let's learn pretty much all of Physics in under 15 minutes.
Explaining all of physics would take more than 14 minutes.
Obviously I can't get ALL of physics in that small timeframe, but I tried my best to get all of the stuff worth knowing for most people, and explaining it as simply as possible, as fast as possible ;)


Timestamps:
00:00 Classical Mechanics
02:33 Energy
04:40 Thermodynamics
06:01 Electromagnetism
08:30 Nuclear Physics 1
09:28 Relativity
11:25 Nuclear Physics 2
12:13 Quantum Mechanics

This video took way too many hours to make.
If you like it, show it to your friends. Thanks

Music by Audionautix.com

Inspired by Arvin Ash's Video: https://youtu.be/TTHazQeM8v8?si=6taX-lihz1hSNYk5

Join Brian Greene and a team of researchers testing Google's quantum computer to glean new insights about quantum gravity from their impressive–if controversial–results.

Participants:
Maria Spiropúlu
Joseph Lykken
Daniel Jafferis

Moderator:
Brian Greene

00:00 - Introduction
01:36 - Participant Introductions
03:24 - The Einstein Papers
10:40 - Can Quantum Entanglement Be Used to Transfer Information?
14:30 - The Second Einstein Paper: The Quantum Properties Of Blackholes
16:28 - Wormholes and Quantum Science, ER = EPR
22:30 - A Wormhole in a Quantum Computer?
29:25 - Quantum Computer Experimentation
36:27 - Contextualizing Quantum Computation and its Future
42:09 - Credits

WSF Landing Page: https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/...

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#worldsciencefestival #wormholes #briangreene #quantumcomputing #science

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I show you a great analog of quantum tunneling that you can do at home

See the full video here: https://youtu.be/kvSlaIwUCuk

Subscribe to my other channel here: https://www.youtube.com/c/TheActionLab

#shorts

Dr. Tatiana shows us how spinning a wheel makes it spin upright. Why? This is to do with conservation of angular momentum!

👍 LIKE and SUBSCRIBE for more fun science content!
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There are still some great mysteries of our universe that physicists can't explain. How is that possible? Join us as we break down the 4 greatest mysteries of physics in this episode of SciShow hosted by Michael Aranda!

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https://www.space.com/25075-co....smic-inflation-unive
Why we need inflation: https://www.space.com/42202-wh....y-we-need-cosmic-inf
https://www.space.com/42261-ho....w-did-inflation-happ
Inflation review: https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0304257.pdf
Evidence for inflation https://www.forbes.com/sites/s....tartswithabang/2019/
GW detection: https://iopscience.iop.org/art....icle/10.1088/1475-75
Penrose cyclic cosmology: https://aip.scitation.org/doi/....abs/10.1063/1.472799
https://physicsworld.com/a/new....-evidence-for-cyclic

Fine-tuning:
Fundamental constants: https://www.forbes.com/sites/e....thansiegel/2015/08/2
Fine-tuning 1: https://www.symmetrymagazine.o....rg/article/fine-tuni
Fine-tuning 2: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/....article/scientific-a
Fine-tuning 3: https://www.forbes.com/sites/s....tartswithabang/2019/
Fine-tuning 4: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fine-tuning/
Fine-tuning 5: https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Just_Six_Numbers.html?id=4XPhAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=kp_read_button&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false
Fine-tuning 6: https://www.cambridge.org/core..../journals/publicatio
Anthropic principle: https://www.britannica.com/sci....ence/anthropic-princ

Theory of everything: https://www.quora.com/What-are....-the-Grand-Unified-T
GUT: http://nautil.us/issue/46/bala....nce/a-brief-history-
Theory of everything 1: https://www.forbes.com/sites/s....tartswithabang/2017/
ToE 2: https://www.space.com/theory-o....f-everything-definit
Alternatives to string theory: https://www.forbes.com/sites/s....tartswithabang/2015/
LQG: https://arxiv.org/abs/0711.0146
Unification: https://www.pdcnet.org/jphil/c....ontent/jphil_1996_00
Quantum gravity: https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0108040
Causal Set Theory: https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.11544
What is String Theory?: https://math.berkeley.edu/~kwr....ay/papers/string_the


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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calabi_yau.jpg
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/....wiki/File:Storage_ri
https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/10137
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:CMS_Higgs-event
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/....File:Planck_satellit
https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/....educators/programs/c
https://www.istockphoto.com/
https://www.storyblocks.com/

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What’s better than slipping and sliding in your backyard on a hot summer day? It’s so much fun! But, how does this fun happen? It has a little something to do with friction!
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/....ks2/science/physical
http://www.passmyexams.co.uk/G....CSE/physics/friction

When refraction is involved, your world can be reversed. Try this easy science experiment you can do at home with a glass of water, a piece of paper, and a permanent marker. 🧑‍🔬 How does it work? The bending of light waves as they pass through water causes refraction.

More Science Experiments:

Inertia Science Experiment - Learn Newton's First Law of Motion
https://youtube.com/shorts/wDGq6lgpC2E

Refraction is the bending of light as it passes through a medium with a different refractive index. When light travels from air into water, for example, it bends towards the normal line (an imaginary line perpendicular to the surface of the water) due to the change in the refractive index of the two mediums. This experiment demonstrates the principle of refraction and how it affects the way we perceive the world around us.

Among the world's largest science centers, the Museum of Science engages millions of people each year to the wonders of science and technology through interactive exhibitions, digital programs, giant screen productions, and preK – 8 EiE® STEM curricula through the William and Charlotte Bloomberg Science Education Center. Established in 1830, the Museum is home to such iconic experiences as the Theater of Electricity, the Charles Hayden Planetarium, and the Mugar Omni Theater. Around the world, the Museum is known for digital experiences such as Mission: Mars launching in 2022 on Roblox, and traveling exhibitions such as the Science Behind Pixar. Learn more at https://www.mos.org/

#MuseumofScience #Boston #ScienceforAll #Science Experiment #Science For All, Science Facts, DIY, Learning, STEM, Refraction Experiment

⁣Oxford Mathematician DESTROYS Atheism In Less Than 15 Minutes

This rare footage has gone on record as the largest glacier calving event ever captured on film, by the 2016 Guiness Book of World Records.

On May 28, 2008, Adam LeWinter and Director Jeff Orlowski filmed a historic breakup at the Ilulissat Glacier in Western Greenland. The calving event lasted for 75 minutes and the glacier retreated a full mile across a calving face three miles wide. The height of the ice is about 3,000 feet, 300-400 feet above water and the rest below water.

Footage produced by James Balog (http://jamesbalog.com) and the Extreme Ice Survey (http://extremeicesurvey.org)

Chasing Ice won the award for Excellence in Cinematography at the 2012 Sundance Film Festival and a 2013 Emmy Award for Outstanding Nature Programming. It has won over 40 awards at festivals worldwide, and was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song, "Before My Time" by J. Ralph featuring Scarlett Johansson and Joshua Bell.

Listen to the song: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qB4UEQzUmWc
And watch the trailer: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIZTMVNBjc4

⁣Neil DeGrasse Tyson shares a scientific truth about whipped cream