NBC Learn, in partnership with the United States Golf Association, explores the science of golf. In this segment, the physics behind the development of golf clubs is discussed, comparing designs from the past and present. Visit www.NBCLearn.com for more.

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Written by Colin Stuart
Check out his fantastic astronomy newsletter here: https://colinstuart.substack.com

Edited and Animated by the legend Manuel Rubio - @ArtandContext
Narrated by David Kelly
Thumbnail art by Ettore Mazza: https://www.instagram.com/ettore.mazza/?hl=en
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Galaxies, space videos from NASA, ESA and ESO.
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https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Maxwell's_laws.jpg
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https://www.researchgate.net/p....rofile/Oscar-Greenbe
https://www.nobelprize.org/pri....zes/physics/1979/sum
https://www.nobelprize.org/pri....zes/physics/2004/sum
https://polarjournal.ch/en/202....2/06/30/baby-mammoth


00:00 Introduction
04:31 Rise Of The Field
16:28 The Quantum Atom
30:35 Quantum Electrodynamics
45:21 Quantum Flavordynamics
57:46 Quantum Chromodynamics
1:11:37 Quantum Gravity

The Standard Model of particle physics is the most successful scientific theory of all time. It describes how everything in the universe is made of 12 different types of matter particles, interacting with three forces, all bound together by a rather special particle called the Higgs boson. It’s the pinnacle of 400 years of science and gives the correct answer to hundreds of thousands of experiments. In this explainer, Cambridge University physicist David Tong recreates the model, piece by piece, to provide some intuition for how the fundamental building blocks of our universe fit together. At the end of the video, he also points out what’s missing from the model and what work is left to do in order to complete the Theory of Everything.

**Correction: At 13'50", the photon should be included with the three fundamental forces. The animation here is incorrect, while the narration is correct.

00:00 The long search for a Theory of Everything
00:33 The Standard Model
01:43 Gravity: the mysterious force
02:29 Quantum Field Theory and wave-particle duality
03:05 Fermions and Bosons
04:00 Electrons and quarks, protons and neutrons
04:45 Neutrinos
05:22 Muons and Taus
05:59 Strange and Bottom Quarks, Charm and Top Quarks
06:13 Electron Neutrinos, Muon Neutrinos, and Tao Neutrinos
06:26 How do we detect the elusive particles?
06:49 Why do particles come in sets of four?
07:17 The Dirac Equation describes all of the particles
07:49 The three fundamental forces
08:13 Bosons
08:32 Electromagnetism and photons
09:17 The Strong Force, gluons and flux tubes
10:38 The Weak Force, Radioactive Beta Decay, W and Z bosons
12:04 The Higgs boson and the Higgs field
13:20 Beyond the Standard Model: a Grand Unified Theory
14:12 How does gravity fit in the picture?
14:41 Where is the missing dark matter and dark energy?
15:03 Unsolved mysteries of the Standard Model

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Atoms are measured in femtometres, that is 1,000,000,000,000,000th of a meter.

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Why do particle physicists constantly make wrong predictions? In this video, I explain the history and status of the problem.

My list with "good" and "bad" problems in the foundations of physics is here:

http://backreaction.blogspot.c....om/2019/01/good-prob

Note: I don't mean to say this is a complete list!

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00:00 Intro
00:30 The History of the Problem
08:29 The Cause of the Problem
14:52 Common Objections and Answers
19:37 What Will Happen?
20:04 Learn Physics on Brilliant

#science #physics #particlephysics

One of the most important, yet least understood, concepts in all of physics. Head to https://brilliant.org/veritasium to start your free 30-day trial, and the first 200 people get 20% off an annual premium subscription.

If you're looking for a molecular modeling kit, try Snatoms - a kit I invented where the atoms snap together magnetically: https://snatoms.com

▀▀▀
A huge thank you to those who helped us understand different aspects of this complicated topic - Dr. Ashmeet Singh, Supriya Krishnamurthy, Dr. Jos Thijssen, Dr. Bijoy Bera, Dr. Timon Idema, Álvaro Bermejillo Seco and Dr. Misha Titov.

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References:
Carnot, S. (1824). Reflections on the motive power of heat: and on machines fitted to develop that power. - https://ve42.co/Carnot1890

Harnessing The True Power Of Atoms | Order And Disorder Documentaries, Spark via YouTube - https://ve42.co/OrderDisorder

A better description of entropy, Steve Mould via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Mould2016

Dugdale, J. S. (1996). Entropy and its physical meaning. CRC Press. - https://ve42.co/Dugdale1996

Schroeder, D. V. (1999). An introduction to thermal physics. - https://ve42.co/Schroeder2021

Fowler, M. Heat Engines: the Carnot Cycle, University of Virginia. - https://ve42.co/Fowler2023

Chandler, D.L. (2010). Explained: The Carnot Limit, MIT News - https://ve42.co/Chandler2010

Entropy, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/EntropyWiki

Clausius, R. (1867). The mechanical theory of heat. Van Voorst. - https://ve42.co/Clausius1867

What is entropy? TED-Ed via YouTube - https://ve42.co/Phillips2017

Thijssen, J. (2018) Lecture Notes Statistical Physics, TU Delft.

Schneider, E. D., & Kay, J. J. (1994). Life as a manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics. Mathematical and computer modelling, 19(6-8), 25-48. - https://ve42.co/Schneider1994

Lineweaver, C. H., & Egan, C. A. (2008). Life, gravity and the second law of thermodynamics. Physics of Life Reviews, 5(4), 225-242. - https://ve42.co/Lineweaver2008

Michaelian, K. (2012). HESS Opinions" Biological catalysis of the hydrological cycle: life's thermodynamic function". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 16(8), 2629-2645. - https://ve42.co/Michaelian2012

England, J. L. (2013). Statistical physics of self-replication. The Journal of chemical physics, 139(12), 09B623_1. - https://ve42.co/England2013

England, J. L. (2015). Dissipative adaptation in driven self-assembly. Nature nanotechnology, 10(11), 919-923. - https://ve42.co/England2015

Wolchover, N. (2014). A New Physics Theory of Life, Quantamagazine - https://ve42.co/Wolchover2014

Lineweaver, C. H. (2013). The entropy of the universe and the maximum entropy production principle. In Beyond the Second Law: Entropy Production and Non-equilibrium Systems (pp. 415-427). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - https://ve42.co/LineweaverEntropy

Bekenstein, J.D. (1972). Black holes and the second law. Lett. Nuovo Cimento 4, 737–740. - https://ve42.co/Bekenstein1972

Carroll, S.M. (2022). The Biggest Ideas in the Universe: Space, Time, and Motion. Penguin Publishing Group. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2022

Black hole thermodynamics, Wikipedia - https://ve42.co/BlackHoleTD

Cosmology and the arrow of time: Sean Carroll at TEDxCaltech, TEDx Talks via YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollTEDx

Carroll, S. M. (2008). The cosmic origins of time’s arrow. Scientific American, 298(6), 48-57. - https://ve42.co/Carroll2008

The Passage of Time and the Meaning of Life | Sean Carroll (Talk + Q&A), Long Now Foundation via YouTube - https://ve42.co/CarrollLNF

▀▀▀
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▀▀▀
Written by Casper Mebius, Derek Muller & Petr Lebedev
Edited by Trenton Oliver & Jamie MacLeod
Animated by Mike Radjabov, Ivy Tello, Fabio Albertelli and Jakub Misiek
Filmed by Derek Muller, Albert Leung & Raquel Nuno
Molecular collisions video by CSIRO's Data61 via YouTube: Simulation of air
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images, Pond5 and by courtesy of NASA, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA Goddard Flight Lab/ CI Lab, NASA/SDO and the AIA, EVE, HMI, and WMAP science teams. As well as the Advanced Visualization Laboratory at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, B. Robertson, L. Hernquist
Music from Epidemic Sound & Jonny Hyman
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang, & Casper Mebius